标题：SM2论文：生物多样性评价和景观调查的声学指标
Abstract
Bioacoustics is historically a discipline that essentially focuses on individual behaviour in relation to population and species evolutionary levels but rarely in connection with higher levels of ecological complexity like community, landscape or ecosystem. However, some recent bioacoustic researches have operated a change of scale by developing acoustic indices which aim is to characterize animal acoustic communities and soundscapes. We here review these indices for the first time. The indices can be divided into two classes: the α or within-group indices and the β or between-group indices. Up to 21 α acoustic indices were proposed in less than six years.
These indices estimate the amplitude, evenness, richness, heterogeneity of an acoustic community or soundscape. Seven β diversity indices were suggested to compare amplitude envelopes or, more often, frequency spectral profiles. Both α and β indices reported congruent and expected results but they may still suffer some bias due, for instance, to anthropic background noise or variations in the distances between vocalising animals and the sensors. Research is still needed to improve the reliability of these new mathematical tools for biodiversity assessment and monitoring. We recommend the contemporary use of some of these indices to obtain complementary information. Eventually, we foresee that this new field of research which tries to build bridges between animal behaviour and ecology should meet an important success in the next years for the assessment and monitoring of marine, freshwater and terrestrial biodiversity from individual-based level to landscape dimension.
摘要：
生物声学在历史上是一门学科，主要关注与种群和物种进化水平相关的个体行为，但很少与社区、景观或生态系统等更高层次的生态复杂性相关。然而，最近的一些生物声学研究通过开发声学指标来改变规模，旨在表征动物声学群落和声景。我们在这里首次回顾这些指数。指数可分为两类：α或组内指数和β或组间指数。在不到六年的时间里，提出了多达21个α声学指标。这些指数估计了声学群落或声景的振幅、均匀性、丰富度和异质性。建议使用七个β多样性指数来比较振幅包络，或者更常见的是比较频谱轮廓。α和β指数都报告了一致和预期的结果，但它们仍可能存在一些偏差，例如，由于人为背景噪声或发声动物与传感器之间距离的变化。仍然需要研究来提高这些新的生物多样性评估和监测数学工具的可靠性。我们建议当代使用其中一些指标来获得补充信息。最终，我们预计，这一试图在动物行为和生态学之间架起桥梁的新研究领域将在未来几年取得重要成功，从个体层面到景观层面评估和监测海洋、淡水和陆地生物多样性。
关键词：SM2声学记录器，Wildlife Acoustics，野外动物调查，动物声学记录，自主式声学记录器
