标题：SM2论文：阿拉斯加荒野雪地摩托噪声和自然安静避难所的声学印迹
Abstract
Snowmobiling in Congressionally designated Wilderness (CW) in Alaska is a contentious issue in the arena of appropriate use of public lands. The 1980 Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act allows snowmobiling in CW for traditional activities. Conversely, the 1964 Wilderness Act prohibits motor vehicles in CW to preserve its naturalness and opportunities for solitude. These conflicting mandates challenge the ability of managers to preserve CW character. The Kenai National Wildlife Refuge (KENWR) manages 534,300 ha of CW, where 253,200 ha are open to snowmobiling. Snowmobile noise degrades CW character whereas natural quiet is indicative of naturalness and offers opportunities for solitude. We determined the acoustic footprint of snowmobile noise and areas of natural quiet refugia in CW by recording the soundscape at 27 locations inside, and 37 locations outside, KENWR CW. We calculated soundscape power (normalized watts/kHz) from 59,598 sound recordings and generated spatially explicit models of snowmobile noise and natural quiet using machine-learning (TreeNet). We calculated the area of CW with the highest and lowest soundscape power for snowmobile noise and natural quiet, respectively. Snowmobile noise occurred during daylight hours while natural quiet was predominant at night. Snowmobile noise was higher in February and March while January was quieter. Snowmobile noise affected 39% of CW open to snowmobiling while natural quiet made up 36%. Natural quiet occurred in 51% of all KENWR CW of which 39% was prohibited by management or inaccessible by snowmobiles. Our models identify areas where conservation of winter soundscapes in CW can be focused.
Index terms: Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, snowmobile noise, soundscape, wilderness, Wilderness Act
摘要：
在阿拉斯加州国会指定的荒野地区（CW）进行雪地摩托化是合理使用公共土地领域的一个有争议的问题。1980年《阿拉斯加国家利益土地保护法》允许在CW进行传统活动的雪地摩托。相反，1964年的《荒野保护法》禁止在CW使用机动车辆，以保护其自然性和独处的机会。这些相互冲突的任务对管理者保持CW性格的能力提出了挑战。基奈国家野生动物保护区（KENWR）管理着534300公顷的CW，其中253200公顷对雪地摩托开放。雪地摩托噪音会降低CW特性，而自然安静则表示自然，并提供独处的机会。我们通过记录KENWR CW内部27个位置和外部37个位置的声景，确定了CW雪地摩托噪音的声足迹和自然安静避难所的面积。我们从59598个录音中计算了声景功率（归一化瓦特/千赫），并使用机器学习（TreeNet）生成了雪地摩托噪声和自然安静的空间显式模型。我们分别计算了雪地摩托噪音和自然安静时声景功率最高和最低的CW面积。雪地摩托噪音发生在白天，而夜间则以自然安静为主。雪地摩托的噪音在2月和3月更高，而1月则更安静。雪地摩托噪音影响了39%的开放雪地摩托的CW，而自然安静占36%。51%的KENWR CW出现了自然安静，其中39%被管理层禁止或雪地摩托无法进入。我们的模型确定了重点保护CW冬季声景的区域。
关键词：SM2声学记录仪，野外声学调查，野生动物声学记录，雪地摩托噪音、声景、荒野、荒野保护法
