标题：SM2BAT+论文：声学威慑影响自由飞行蝙蝠的觅食活动、飞行和回声定位行为
Abstract
Acoustic deterrents have shown potential as a viable mitigation measure to reduce human impacts on bats; however, the mechanisms underpinning acoustic deterrence of bats have yet to
be explored. Bats avoid ambient ultrasound in their environment and alter their echolocation calls in response to masking noise. Using stereo thermal videogrammetry and acoustic methods, we tested predictions that: (i) bats would avoid acoustic deterrents and forage and social call less in a ‘treated airspace’; (ii) deterrents would cause bats to fly with more direct flight paths akin to commuting behaviour and in line with a reduction in foraging activity, resulting in increased flight speed and decreased flight tortuosity; and (iii) bats would alter their echolocation call structure in response to the masking deterrent sound. As predicted, overall bat activity was reduced by 30% and we recorded a significant reduction in counts of Pipistrellus pygmaeus (27%), Myotis spp. (probably M. daubentonii) (26%), and Nyctalus spp. and Eptesicus spp. (68%) passes. Pipistrellus pygmaeus feeding buzzes were also reduced by the deterrent in relation to general activity (by 38%); however, social calls were not (only 23% reduction). Bats also increased their flight speed and reduced the tortuosity of their flight paths, and P. pygmaeus reduced echolocation call bandwidth and start frequency of calls in response to deterrent playback, probably owing to the masking effect of the sound. Deterrence could therefore be used to remove bats from areas where they forage, for example wind turbines and roads, where they may be under threat from direct mortality.
KEY WORDS: Thermal imaging, Videogrammetry, Ultrasound, Chiroptera, Flight-path tracking
摘要：
声学威慑已显示出作为减少人类对蝙蝠影响的可行缓解措施的潜力；然而，蝙蝠声威慑的机制尚未得到探索。蝙蝠避开环境中的环境超声波，并根据掩蔽噪声改变回声定位叫声。我们使用立体热成像和声学方法测试了以下预测：（i）蝙蝠在“经过处理的空域”中会避开声学威慑，减少觅食和社交呼叫；（ii）威慑会导致蝙蝠以更直接的飞行路径飞行，类似于通勤行为，并与觅食活动的减少相一致，从而提高飞行速度，减少飞行曲折；以及（iii）蝙蝠会改变它们的回声定位呼叫结构，以应对掩蔽的威慑声音。正如预测的那样，蝙蝠的整体活动减少了30%，我们记录到皮克马氏小蠊（Pipistellus pygmaeus）和Myotis spp.（可能是M.daubentonii）（26%）、Nyctalus spp.和Eptesicus spp.的通过次数显著减少（68%）。与一般活动相关的威慑也减少了Pipistrellus pygmaeus的进食嗡嗡声（38%）；然而，社交电话却没有（只减少了23%）。蝙蝠还提高了飞行速度，减少了飞行路径的曲折，P.pygmaeus降低了回声定位呼叫带宽和呼叫的开始频率，以应对威慑性回放，这可能是由于声音的掩蔽效应。因此，威慑可以用来将蝙蝠从它们觅食的地区转移出去，例如风力涡轮机和道路，在那里它们可能会受到直接死亡的威胁。
关键词：SM2BAT+蝙蝠声记录监测，热成像、视频测量、超声波、翼手目、飞行路径跟踪
