SM4BAT在温带沿海环境中蝙蝠活动模式与时间及天气效应的关系中的应用
Abstract
The northeastern and mid-Atlantic coasts of the United States are important summer maternity habitat and seasonal migratory corridors for many species of bats. Additionally, the effects of weather on bat activity are relatively unknown beyond coarse nightly scales. Using acoustic detectors, we assessed nightly and hourly activity patterns for eight species of bats over 21 consecutive months at Fire Island National Seashore, New York. The site is an important bat conservation area because it hosts one of the few confirmed northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) maternity colonies in the region despite their widespread extirpation due to white- nose syndrome (WNS). There have been no reported captures of little brown bats (M. lucifugus), Indiana bats (M. sodalis), or tri-colored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) at the site post-WNS. Overall, we found mean hourly temperature, time since sunset, day of year, and year to be the most important predictors of bat activity levels for all examined species. Most non-hibernating, migratory species in our study demonstrated a positive relationship to mean temperature at the hourly timescale, whereas cave-hibernating bats tended to show a negative relationship to mean temperature during the time of year when they are expected to be active. Although most bat activity occurred in the late spring through early autumn, peaking in summer, some activity occurred periodically in the winter months, mostly attributable to the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) and silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivigans) phonic group. Unexpectedly, relationships of bat activity to wind and precipitation were largely equivocal. Initial presence (as early as March 30) and departure (between November 1–4) for northern long-eared bats at our study area occurred earlier in the spring and later in the fall than occurs for inland populations, suggesting that the species overwinters on Long Island rather than at inland karst caves or mines. A peak in spring activity characteristic of migratory behavior in the central Appalachians and Atlantic Coast was not observed at Fire Island, although Eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) and hoary bats (L.cinereus) – both migratory species – did show a notable rise in activity in the late summer and early fall, suggesting these populations may migrate to and from Fire Island. Understanding the temporal and weather relationships to bat activity in this coastal environment may have important implications for tailoring more effective conservation and management strategies by identifying optimal timing for surveys, tracking bats during peak migratory windows, and providing insights that minimizes impacts to extant bats from activities such as wind-energy development or land management, i.e., forestry.
摘要：
美国东北部和大西洋中部海岸是许多蝙蝠的重要夏季栖息地和季节性迁徙走廊。此外，除了粗略的夜间尺度外，天气对蝙蝠活动的影响相对未知。我们使用声学探测器，连续21个月评估了纽约火岛国家海岸8种蝙蝠的夜间和每小时活动模式。该地点是一个重要的蝙蝠保护区，因为它是该地区为数不多的已确认的北方长耳蝙蝠（Myotis septentrionalis）母性栖息地之一，尽管它们因白鼻综合征（WNS）而广泛灭绝。WNS后，该地点没有捕获棕色小蝙蝠（M.lucifugus）、印第安纳蝙蝠（M.sodalis）或三色蝙蝠（Perimyotis subflavus）的报告。总体而言，我们发现平均小时温度、日落后的时间、一年中的哪一天和一年是所有受检物种蝙蝠活动水平的最重要预测因素。在我们的研究中，大多数非冬眠的迁徙物种在每小时的时间尺度上与平均温度呈正相关，而洞穴冬眠蝙蝠在一年中预计活动的时间段内往往与平均温度呈负相关。虽然大多数蝙蝠活动发生在春末至初秋，在夏季达到顶峰，但有些活动会定期发生在冬季，主要归因于大棕色蝙蝠（Eptesicus fuscus）和银发蝙蝠（Lasionycteris noctivigans）的发音群。出乎意料的是，蝙蝠活动与风和降水的关系在很大程度上是模棱两可的。北部长耳蝙蝠在我们研究区域的最初出现（早在3月30日）和离开（在11月1日至4日之间）发生在春季的早些时候和秋季的晚些时候，而不是内陆种群，这表明该物种在长岛越冬，而不是在内陆岩溶洞穴或矿井越冬。这种沿海环境中蝙蝠活动的时间和天气关系可能对制定更有效的保护和管理策略具有重要意义，通过确定调查的最佳时机，在迁徙高峰期跟踪蝙蝠，并提供见解，最大限度地减少风能开发或土地管理（即林业）等活动对现存蝙蝠的影响。
关键词：SM4BAT蝙蝠声记录器，Wildlife Acoustics，野生动物声学监测，声学记录器，被动式声学记录器
