Kaleidoscope Pro软件在被动声学监测与红外触发相机在鹿类和灵长类动物监测效率上的对比评估中的应用
Abstract
In recent years, camera traps have rapidly become popular for the large-scale monitoring of wildlife distribution and population; however, we should not ignore the uncertainty regarding the reliability of camera-based monitoring by inexperienced data gatherers. This study introduces passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) as an easier technique for monitoring terrestrial mammals that uses the sound cues that they produce. To validate the efficacy of PAM, we quantitatively compared the detection areas and rates between sound cues (from PAM) and visual cues (from camera traps) of two mammals—the sika deer Cervus nippon and the Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata—across seven study sites in eastern Japan with different population densities. To collect sound cues, we set up multiple autonomous recording units at the sites and continuously recorded ambient sounds, following a pre-determined schedule. The total recording time reached 9081h for deer and 8235h for macaques. We then built sound recognizers to automatically detect eight target call types from the recorded data. To collect visual cues, we also set multiple camera traps at the same sites and for the same observation periods. The key findings were as follows: (1) the fully automated procedures that only used the recognizers to detect sound cues produced numerous false positive detections when the call type possessed vocal plasticity and variations; (2) the semi automated procedures, which included an additional step to validate the automated detections by manual screening, exhibited a great improvement in the detectability and recall rates of the half of the target calls, reaching >0.70; (3) when using the semi-automated procedures, the frequency of deer and macaque detections per trap-day derived from the sound cues were in most cases approximately dozens of times and several times, respectively, higher than that derived from the visual cues; (4) the main advantage of PAM may be its superior detection areas, which were 100–7000 times wider than those of camera traps; and (5) the current success of the recognition of different call types of each species could broaden the use of PAM, which is not possible for camera traps. PAM could provide socio-behavioral data (i.e., the frequencies and types of inter-individual vocal com munications) that could help understand the status of population dynamics and the group compositions, in addition to information related to the presence or absence of species.
摘要：
近年来，相机在大规模监测野生动物分布和种群方面迅速流行起来；然而，我们不应该忽视缺乏经验的数据采集人员对基于摄像头的监控可靠性的不确定性。这项研究引入了被动声学监测（PAM）作为一种更容易监测陆生哺乳动物的技术，该技术利用它们产生的声音线索。为了验证PAM的有效性，我们在日本东部七个不同种群密度的研究地点定量比较了两种哺乳动物——梅花鹿、日本鹿和日本猕猴——的声音线索（来自PAM）和视觉线索（来自相机）之间的检测区域和比率。为了收集声音线索，我们在现场设置了多个自主录音单元，并按照预定的时间表连续录制环境声音。鹿和猕猴的总记录时间分别为9081小时和8235小时。然后，我们构建了声音识别器，从记录的数据中自动检测八种目标呼叫类型。为了收集视觉线索，我们还在相同的地点和相同的观察期设置了多个相机。主要发现如下：（1）当呼叫类型具有声音可塑性和变异性时，仅使用识别器检测声音线索的全自动程序会产生大量误报；（2）半自动程序，包括通过手动筛查验证自动检测的额外步骤，在一半目标呼叫的可检测性和召回率方面有了很大提高，达到>0.70；（3）当使用半自动程序时，在大多数情况下，从声音线索中得出的每个诱捕日鹿和猕猴的检测频率分别比从视觉线索中得出，大约高出几十倍和几倍；（4） PAM的主要优点可能是其优越的检测区域，比相机宽100-7000倍；以及（5）目前成功识别每种物种的不同叫声类型可以扩大PAM的使用范围，而PAM对于相机来说是不可能的。PAM可以提供社会行为数据（即个体间声音交流的频率和类型），除了与物种存在或不存在相关的信息外，还可以帮助了解种群动态和群体组成的状态。
关键词：Kaleidoscope Pro软件，Wildlife Acoustics，声学追踪监测，野生动物声学监测，声学分析软件，野生鹿监测。
